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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens
07:15

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Published on: June 2, 2017

Imperfect oriented attachment: dislocation generation in defect-free nanocrystals

Penn1, Banfield

  • 1R. L. Penn, Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. J. F. Banfield, Mineralogical Institute, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. E-m.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 14, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Crystal growth mechanisms are illuminated: dislocations form during oriented attachment of nanocrystals with slight misorientations. Spiral growth at screw dislocations generates complex crystal structures, crucial for understanding solid defects.

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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

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Last Updated: Jul 28, 2026

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens
07:15

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Published on: June 2, 2017

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon
06:57

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon

Published on: July 17, 2020

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
05:04

Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals

Published on: November 22, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Dislocations are prevalent defects in crystalline solids.
  • The formation mechanisms of dislocations during initial crystal growth remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding dislocation generation is key to controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of dislocation formation during early crystal growth.
  • To investigate the role of oriented attachment in nanocrystal growth.
  • To explore how screw dislocations influence crystal structure complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of crystal growth at crystallographically specific surfaces.
  • Modeling of oriented attachment in nanocrystalline materials.
  • Investigation of spiral growth patterns around screw dislocations.

Main Results:

  • Dislocations are generated when nanocrystals grow via oriented attachment with interfacial misorientation.
  • Closely spaced screw dislocations lead to spiral growth.
  • This spiral growth facilitates the formation of complex polytypic and polymorphic crystal structures.

Conclusions:

  • Oriented attachment of nanocrystals with misorientation is a primary source of dislocations during growth.
  • Screw dislocations play a critical role in generating intricate crystal architectures.
  • These findings provide fundamental insights into crystal defect formation and growth processes.