Molecular biologic techniques in ophthalmic pathology

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid hybridization assays are recently introduced molecular techniques that allow for the identification of extremely small quantities of specific nucleic acids. These techniques have significant advantages over more conventional laboratory techniques, but also have some limitations. They are bound to have tremendous potential in diagnostic ophthalmic pathology and also in investigative pathology for deciphering the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Despite their increased sensitivity and specificity, the results will still have to be co-related with clinical findings for maximum impact. For an ophthalmologist to derive maximum benefit, knowledge of these techniques, and their advantages, and limitations is essential. This article describes the basic concepts of molecular biology and the techniques of PCR, nucleic acid hybridization, and immunohistochemistry.