Pharmacology of irinotecan

Irinotecan (CPT-11 [Camptosar]), a semisynthetic derivative of the plant alkaloid camptothecin, is bioactivated by carboxylesterases (EC3.1.1-) to the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38, a minor metabolite. Bioactivation of intravenously administered irinotecan by carboxylesterases occurs predominantly in the liver. Two human carboxylesterase isoforms responsible for SN-38 formation have been characterized. At relevant hepatic irinotecan concentrations up to 12 micrograms/mL, a low-Km isoform is responsible for irinotecan bioactivation. High concentrations of drugs commonly coadministered with irinotecan do not inhibit carboxylesterase activity. Intestinal carboxylesterases can also generate SN-38, followed by subsequent oral absorption. A second major polar metabolite of irinotecan, aminopentanecarboxylic acid (APC), is the product of CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of the terminal piperidine ring. APC is 100-fold less active than SN-38 as a topoisomerase I inhibitor and is a relatively weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. SN-38 is eliminated mainly through conjugation by hepatic uridine glucuronosyltransferase (UGT*1.1), the same isoezyme responsible for glucuronidation of bilirubin. Grade 4 irinotecan-related toxicity (ie, neutropenia, diarrhea) has recently been reported in two patients with deficient UGT*1.1 activity. SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G), which has only 1/100th the antitumor activity of SN-38, is actively secreted into the bile by a canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter. Deconjugation of SN-38G to SN-38 by beta-glucuronidase produced by the intestinal flora may contribute to enterohepatic recirculation of SN-38 and delayed intestinal toxicity.