Probing immunoglobulin gene hypermutation with microsatellites suggests a nonreplicative short patch DNA synthesis...

As the rate of Ig gene hypermutation approximates the level of nucleotide discrimination of DNA polymerases (10(-3) to 10(-4)), a local inhibition of proofreading and mismatch repair during semiconservative replication could generate the mutations introduced by the process. To address this question, we have constructed transgenic mice that carry a hypermutation substrate containing a "polymerase slippage trap": an Ig gene with a mono or dinucleotide tract inserted in its V region. The low amount of slippage events as compared to the number of mutations, the absence of transient misalignment mutations at the border of the repeats, and the dissociation between the amount of frameshifts and mutations when the transgene is put on mismatch repair-deficient genetic backgrounds, suggest that Ig gene hypermutation occurs by an error-prone short patch DNA synthesis taking place outside global DNA replication.