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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Comparison of Predictive Performance of Three Lymph Node Staging Systems in Colorectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Based on Machine Learning Model
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Prognostic markers in rectal carcinoma

J M Jessup1, M Loda

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. jessupj@delphi.com

Seminars in Surgical Oncology
|September 8, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current guidelines recommend only carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer monitoring. However, molecular markers within rectal tumors may offer better prediction of metastasis, treatment response, and outcomes, aiding in treatment decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Current colorectal cancer management relies on serological markers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
  • Recent advancements in understanding rectal adenocarcinoma biology offer new avenues for prognostication.
  • The limitations of solely relying on CEA for comprehensive patient management are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of intratumoral molecular marker expression in rectal cancer.
  • To evaluate the potential of these markers for predicting cancer behavior and patient outcomes.
  • To assess their utility in guiding decisions on rectal sphincter preservation and adjuvant therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on molecular markers in primary rectal adenocarcinoma.
  • Analysis of data correlating intratumoral marker expression with metastasis, therapy response, and patient outcomes.
  • Evaluation of the predictive value of molecular markers for surgical and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Intratumoral molecular markers show promise in predicting metastasis and treatment response.
  • Expression patterns of specific molecules correlate with cancer behavior and patient prognosis.
  • Molecular profiling may enhance the ability to identify patients eligible for sphincter preservation or requiring adjuvant therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Intratumoral molecular markers offer a more detailed prognostic and predictive capability than serological markers alone.
  • Assessing molecular markers in primary rectal tumors can significantly inform clinical decision-making.
  • Further research into molecular markers is crucial for personalized rectal cancer management.