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Development of phoria in children

J J Walline1, D O Mutti, K Zadnik

  • 1The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus 43210-1240, USA.

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry
|September 12, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Phoria prevalence in children is typically orthophoric at distance. Near phoria shows a shift towards esophoria with age, with exophoria decreasing and esophoria increasing from kindergarten to fifth grade.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Phoria prevalence data in children is limited compared to adults.
  • This study addresses the scarcity of information on childhood phoria.
  • Utilizes data from the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the prevalence of phoria in a large, population-based sample of nonstrabismic children.
  • To investigate the changes in phoria with age in childhood.
  • To provide normative data for childhood phoria.

Main Methods:

  • Employs modified clinical technique vision screening.
  • Collects both cross-sectional (N=1495) and longitudinal (N=469) data.
  • Uses cover tests to classify phoria (orthophoria, esophoria, exophoria) in 2-delta steps.

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Main Results:

  • 97% of children are orthophoric at distance, with no significant age-related changes.
  • Near phoria exhibits a more normal distribution.
  • Between kindergarten and fifth grade, exophoria decreased by 10.8% and esophoria increased by 5.5%.

Conclusions:

  • Children are generally orthophoric or exophoric at near distances.
  • A convergent shift in near phoria occurs as children age.
  • Findings highlight age-related changes in binocular vision in children.