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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Very late DNA replication in the human cell cycle

R J Widrow¹, R S Hansen, H Kawame

¹Molecular and Cellular Biology Program of the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. rjwidrow@u.washington.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|September 16, 1998

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The G2 phase, a gap between DNA replication and mitosis, is much shorter than previously believed. New research shows DNA replication continues close to mitosis, challenging the traditional G2 period definition.

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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

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G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

Published on: October 27, 2011

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Cell biology
Molecular biology
Genetics

Background:

The G2 phase is traditionally defined as the interval between DNA replication termination and mitosis onset.
In human cells, this G2 period was estimated to last 3-4 hours.
The complete absence of DNA synthesis during G2 has not been definitively proven.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the duration of the G2 phase in human cells.
To determine if DNA replication occurs late in the cell cycle, close to mitosis.
To re-evaluate the established definition and length of the G2 period.

Main Methods:

Analysis of DNA replication timing at specific autosomal and X-linked loci.
Monitoring the accumulation of cyclin B1 as a cell-cycle progression marker.
Correlating late DNA replication with cyclin B1 levels.

Main Results:

Programmed DNA replication was observed to continue within 90 minutes of mitosis at certain genetic loci.
The accumulation of cyclin B1, a marker typically associated with G2, significantly overlaps with this late DNA replication.
These findings indicate that the G2 phase may be considerably shorter than previously estimated.

Conclusions:

The G2 phase is likely much shorter than the conventionally accepted 3-4 hours in human cells.
Late DNA replication extends very close to the onset of mitosis.
The G2 period may be functionally nonexistent in some cell types, necessitating a revision of the cell cycle model.