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Zoonoses and haemorrhagic fever

B W Mahy1

  • 1Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.

Developments in Biological Standardization
|September 16, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses, including arenaviruses and bunyaviruses, often spread from rodents to humans. Improved diagnostics reveal numerous hazardous viruses in feral rodents, necessitating screening before biological product preparation.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hemorrhagic fevers are caused by negative-stranded RNA viruses from three families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Filoviridae.
  • Transmission often involves close contact with infected vertebrate vectors, typically rodents for arenaviruses and bunyaviruses.
  • Filovirus vectors remain unknown, though simian hosts and contaminated cell cultures are potential sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the public health risks associated with zoonotic virus families causing hemorrhagic fevers.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying and screening for hazardous viruses in animal populations.
  • To advocate for improved diagnostic technologies for virus detection in biological products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of known virus families causing hemorrhagic fever (Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae).
  • Analysis of transmission routes and host species, including rodents and primates.
  • Discussion of advancements in virus differentiation and screening technologies.

Main Results:

  • Arenaviruses and bunyaviruses commonly transmit from rodents, causing diseases like hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
  • Hantaan virus, a bunyavirus, has caused numerous laboratory-acquired infections.
  • Enhanced viral differentiation technologies reveal a high prevalence of potentially hazardous HFRS and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) viruses in feral rodents.

Conclusions:

  • Zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses pose significant risks, particularly through occupational exposure in laboratory settings.
  • Screening feral rodent and simian populations for these viruses is crucial.
  • Implementing screening methods before preparing cell cultures for biological products can enhance human safety.

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