In vitro studies indicating antioxidative properties of rebamipide

Rebamipide is the first anti-gastric ulcer and antigastritis drug that not only increases endogenous prostaglandin in gastric mucosa but also scavenges oxygen-derived free radicals and inhibits their production. In the present paper, we have reviewed the antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties of rebamipide mainly demonstrated by in vitro studies. The study, using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique, showed that superoxide production was inhibited by rebamipide when isolated human neutrophils were stimulated with opsonized zymosan or Helicobacter pylori water extract in a dose-dependent manner. Chemiluminescence generated from neutrophils activated by H. pylori or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine was also decreased by the treatment with rebamipide. Rebamipide, at concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-6) M, reduced the adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells as well as the CD18 expression on neutrophils induced by H. pylori water extract. The EPR study also demonstrated the direct hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of rebamipide, and a kinetic study showed that the second-order rate constant for the reaction between rebamipide and hydroxyl radical was 2.24 x 10(10) M(-1)/s(-1). The inhibitory effect of rebamipide on lipid peroxidation induced by a free radical initiator was also demonstrated by the in vitro system using rat gastric mucosal homogenates. These data indicate that rebamipide offers a potential for protection against reactive oxygen- and activated neutrophil-associated gastric mucosal injury by scavenging hydroxyl radical and inhibiting neutrophil activation or lipid peroxidation.