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Related Concept Videos

Types of Fever01:25

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia
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Cultivation Methods of Spirochetes from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Complex and Relapsing Fever Borrelia

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Concepts of fever

P A Mackowiak1

  • 1Medical Care Clinical Center, Maryland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Baltimore 21201, USA.

Archives of Internal Medicine
|October 6, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Fever definitions often overlook measurement site and diurnal body temperature variations. This review explores thermometry history, pyrogens, cryogens, and fever's adaptive value.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Medical History

Background:

  • Physicians often define fever based on thermal thresholds, neglecting crucial factors like measurement site and diurnal body temperature fluctuations.
  • The historical significance and origin of the 98.6°F (37°C) normal body temperature standard remain poorly understood by many medical professionals.

Observation:

  • The evolution of clinical thermometry and the historical development of temperature measurement concepts are not widely known.
  • While the roles of pyrogens in fever induction are recognized, the complex biological activities of pyrogenic cytokines and endogenous cryogens are less understood.

Findings:

  • Current understanding of thermoregulation, pyrogens, and cryogens is incomplete, particularly concerning their roles in fever.
  • There is a growing body of data presenting paradoxes regarding the adaptive value of fever, challenging conventional views.

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Implications:

  • A comprehensive understanding of fever requires considering historical context, measurement nuances, and the complex interplay of pyrogenic and cryogenic systems.
  • Further research into the adaptive significance of fever is needed to reconcile paradoxical findings and refine clinical definitions.