Direct activation of the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor by a non-peptide symmetrical polyanion

The high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (gp140TrkA) is a tyrosine kinase receptor. The dimeric ligand, nerve growth factor, activates the receptor by stabilizing homodimer formation, which initiates transautophosphorylation. Suramin is a symmetrical planar polyanionic molecule which is being used as a novel experimental anti-neoplastic agent. Proposed mechanisms of the drug's anti-proliferative activity include blocking mitogenic stimulatory growth factors or inhibition of tumor-specific cellular enzymes. In PC12 cells and in dorsal root ganglion neurons, suramin has been shown to act as a partial agonist for gp140TrkA. We now demonstrate direct activation of gp140TrkA by suramin using in vitro protein kinase assays and receptor dimerization studies. Additionally, activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase by suramin and nerve growth factor was observed with 10-min exposure. The addition of anti-nerve growth factor antibodies along with suramin did not reduce the level of gp140TrkA phosphorylation, excluding induction of an autocrine loop of nerve growth factor release and activation. This demonstrates that a small polyanion can directly activate gp140TrkA via receptor dimerization. Our study reveals a suramin-induced homodimerization of gp140TrkA. This finding correlated with significant neurite outgrowth in naive PC12 cells exposed to the drug. Studies will be initiated to design structural analogs of suramin which possess neurotrophic properties with no associated neurotoxicity.