Dental microwear. Morphological, functional and phylogenetic correlations

Dental wear, at first considered a pathological condition, is now regarded as a physiological mechanism of teeth adaptation to continuous masticatory stresses. Excessive wear is limited by characteristic structural adaptations of dental hard tissues showing a phylogenetic trend and specialisation. Enamel is the main tissue subjected to wear; however, advanced enamel wear exposes increasingly large areas of dentine. Enamel hardness and anisotropy are the major factors contrasting wear and microfractures. Anisotropy is mainly related to the different orientation of prism bundles (and of hydroxiapatite cristals). Enamel wear development is also related to differences in microhardness, density, mineral composition and protein distribution. Masticatory loads distributed along the enamel-dentine junction uniformly disperse in the underlying dentine. In spite of its structural characteristics, dentine is relatively isotropic by the functional point of view. Even if its lower hardness opposes less efficaciously to wear, its biomechanical characteristics successfully contrast microfractures. The study of microwear (namely the microscopic analysis of worn dental surfaces) can be made both on original surfaces and on high definition silicone-resin replicas. Scanning electron microscope observations allow identification of surface damage (microtraces) produced by different physical and chemical agents. Microwear analysis may provide indications about alimentary and non alimentary habits, masticatory biomechanics and pathological situations (e.g., bruxism).