Androgen regulation of the human pseudoautosomal gene MIC2, a potential marker for prostate cancer

Using the differential display-polymerase chain reaction technique to identify androgen-responsive genes in the human prostatic tumor cell line LNCaP, we cloned an expression tag homologous to the human pseudoautosomal gene MIC2. The role of MIC2 in the prostate had not previously been studied. We used a series of cell lines derived from LNCaP that varied in their degree of differentiation and metastatic potential to assess the relationship between MIC2 expression and androgen responsiveness in prostate cancer. The expression of MIC2 mRNA and its product E2 was upregulated by androgen in a dose- and time-dependent manner in the parental LNCaP line and correlated with the expression of prostate-specific antigen. In the LNCaP sublines and an androgen-repressed invasive human prostate cancer cell line (ARCaP), MIC2 gene expression was not regulated by androgen and was associated with poorer differentiation, decreased androgen sensitivity, and higher metastatic potential. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that E2 was expressed in tissues from patients with primary prostate cancer (16 of 20), in fetal prostatic tissues (low levels in all 10 fetal tissues assessed), and sporadically in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues (one of four). The normal prostate tissues did not show positive E2 staining, with the exception of one central-zone section from one of the eight normal prostate samples assessed. These findings suggest that deregulation of expression of the human pseudoautosomal gene MIC2 occurred in the prostate.