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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
10:10

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Acromion fracture associated with posterior shoulder dislocation

J A Goodrich1, E Crosland, J Pye

  • 1Augusta Orthopaedic Clinic, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, 30904, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
|October 22, 1998
PubMed
Summary

This case report details a rare combined acromion fracture and posterior shoulder dislocation, an injury previously unreported. Early detection through specific radiographic views is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Posterior glenohumeral dislocation is a less common shoulder injury.
  • Acromion fractures typically result from direct trauma.
  • Combined injuries require careful diagnostic consideration.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with a missed posterior shoulder dislocation and an acromion fracture.
  • The initial radiographic assessment failed to identify the dislocation.
  • Specific additional views were necessary for diagnosis.

Findings:

  • The combination of acromion fracture and posterior glenohumeral dislocation is rare.
  • Delayed diagnosis of shoulder dislocation can complicate management.
  • Utilizing specific radiographic views enhances detection rates for combined injuries.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of comprehensive radiographic assessment in shoulder trauma.
  • Suggests a need for increased awareness of this specific injury pattern among clinicians.
  • Emphasizes prompt diagnosis and appropriate management for optimal functional recovery.