Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 23, 2026

22:27
Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
Published on: May 6, 2010
New goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998-2003
F S Collins1, A Patrinos, E Jordan
1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. fc23a@nih.gov
Summary
The Human Genome Project is accelerating its timeline, aiming for a complete human DNA sequence by 2003. This ambitious plan includes a working draft by 2001 and advances in sequencing technology and genomics research.
Area of Science:
- Genomics
- Molecular Biology
- Bioinformatics
Background:
- The Human Genome Project (HGP) successfully met its 1993-1998 objectives.
- A revised strategic plan (1998-2003) has been established to guide future HGP endeavors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the HGP's updated goals, emphasizing the completion of the human DNA sequence.
- To detail advancements in sequencing technology, functional genomics, and comparative genomics.
Main Methods:
- Accelerated human DNA sequencing to produce a working draft by 2001 and full sequence by 2003.
- Development of advanced sequencing technologies and functional genomics tools.
- Comparative genomics studies including *Caenorhabditis elegans*, *Drosophila melanogaster*, and the mouse genome.
Main Results:
- Completion of all major goals for the 1993-1998 HGP plan.
- Establishment of an accelerated schedule for human genome sequencing.
- Initiation of comprehensive studies on human genome sequence variation and functional genomics.
Conclusions:
- The Human Genome Project is on track for an earlier completion of the human DNA sequence.
- The project will yield significant advancements in sequencing technology, functional genomics, and understanding genome variation.
- Broader impacts include ethical, legal, and social implications studies, bioinformatics development, and scientist training.
Related Concept Videos
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Genomics
Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Sanger Sequencing
DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Next-generation Sequencing
The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Genome Annotation and Assembly
The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Human Genetics
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...

