Related Experiment Videos
Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates
W B Kannel1, P A Wolf, E J Benjamin
1Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA.
Insights
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common heart rhythm disturbance that increases with age and is a significant risk factor for stroke and mortality. Hypertension and heart failure are key predictors, with echocardiographic features also offering prognostic insights.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent serious cardiac arrhythmia, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality.
- AF prevalence escalates with age, nearly doubling each decade and showing a concerning increase in men over recent decades.
- Men exhibit a higher risk of developing AF compared to women, independent of age and predisposing conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation.
- To identify clinical and echocardiographic predictors of AF.
- To assess the impact of AF on stroke risk and overall mortality.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 38-year follow-up data from the Framingham Study.
- Statistical adjustment for age, cardiovascular risk factors, and predisposing conditions.
- Evaluation of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters as predictors.
Main Results:
- Hypertension and diabetes are significant independent predictors of AF, with hypertension being the leading population-attributable risk factor.
- Intrinsic cardiac conditions like heart failure and valvular heart disease substantially elevate AF risk.
- Echocardiographic findings such as left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy are significant predictors of AF.
- AF increases stroke risk 4-5 fold and is associated with doubled mortality, particularly in older populations.
Conclusions:
- AF is a major public health concern, with increasing prevalence and significant associations with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes.
- Early identification and management of risk factors like hypertension and heart failure are crucial for AF prevention.
- Echocardiographic markers provide valuable prognostic information for AF, complementing traditional clinical risk factors.
Abstract:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common of the serious cardiac rhythm disturbances and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the general population. Its prevalence doubles with each advancing decade of age, from 0.5% at age 50-59 years to almost 9% at age 80-89 years. It is also becoming more prevalent, increasing in men aged 65-84 years from 3.2% in 1968-1970 to 9.1% in 1987-1989. This statistically significant increase in men was not explained by an increase in age, valve disease, or myocardial infarctions in the cohort. The incidence of new onset of AF also doubled with each decade of age, independent of the increasing prevalence of known predisposing conditions. Based on 38-year follow-up data from the Framingham Study, men had a 1.5-fold greater risk of developing AF than women after adjustment for age and predisposing conditions. Of the cardiovascular risk factors, only hypertension and diabetes were significant independent predictors of AF, adjusting for age and other predisposing conditions. Cigarette smoking was a significant risk factor in women adjusting only for age (OR = 1.4), but was just short of significance on adjustment for other risk factors. Neither obesity nor alcohol intake was associated with AF incidence in either sex. For men and women, respectively, diabetes conferred a 1.4- and 1.6-fold risk, and hypertension a 1.5- and 1.4-fold risk, after adjusting for other associated conditions. Because of its high prevalence in the population, hypertension was responsible for more AF in the population (14%) than any other risk factor. Intrinsic overt cardiac conditions imposed a substantially higher risk. Adjusting for other relevant conditions, heart failure was associated with a 4.5- and 5.9-fold risk, and valvular heart disease a 1.8- and 3.4-fold risk for AF in men and women, respectively. Myocardial infarction significantly increased the risk factor-adjusted likelihood of AF by 40% in men only. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic AF include left atrial enlargement (39%/ increase in risk per 5-mm increment), left ventricular fractional shortening (34% per 5% decrement), and left ventricular wall thickness (28% per 4-mm increment). These echocardiographic features offer prognostic information for AF beyond the traditional clinical risk factors. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy increased risk of AF 3-4-fold after adjusting only for age, but this risk ratio is decreased to 1.4 after adjustment for the other associated conditions. The chief hazard of AF is stroke, the risk of which is increased 4-5-fold. Because of its high prevalence in advanced age, AF assumes great importance as a risk factor for stroke and by the ninth decade becomes a dominant factor. The attributable risk for stroke associated with AF increases steeply from 1.5% at age 50-59 years to 23.5% at age 80-89 years. AF is associated with a doubling of mortality in both sexes, which is decreased to 1.5-1.9-fold after adjusting for associated cardiovascular conditions. Decreased survival associated with AF occurs across a wide range of ages.