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Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Part I

H W Horowitz1, E E Telzak, K A Sepkowitz

  • 1Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA.

Disease-A-Month : DM
|November 14, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Highly active antiretroviral therapies have slowed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). New HIV infections and AIDS cases are rising among women and minorities, necessitating complex clinical management and further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been a major global health crisis since its recognition in 1982.
  • HIV/AIDS has disproportionately affected sub-Saharan Africa and specific demographics in the United States.
  • Despite significant mortality, advancements in treatment offer new hope.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) on HIV/AIDS epidemiology.
  • To highlight evolving trends in HIV/AIDS incidence and transmission.
  • To discuss the complexities of modern HIV/AIDS clinical management and identify areas for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of epidemiological data on HIV/AIDS cases and deaths.

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  • Review of advancements in antiretroviral therapies, including protease inhibitors.
  • Examination of clinical management protocols, including laboratory monitoring (viral load, CD4+ counts).

    • Main Results:

    • HAART has successfully slowed HIV progression to AIDS and reduced AIDS-related deaths.
    • A concerning increase in AIDS cases and new HIV infections is observed among women, African-Americans, and Hispanics, often through heterosexual transmission.
    • Viral suppression is achievable with HAART, but challenges with adherence, drug interactions, and treatment optimization persist.

    Conclusions:

    • Highly active antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV/AIDS outcomes and epidemiology.
    • Emerging trends necessitate targeted public health interventions and tailored clinical strategies.
    • Further research is crucial to address optimal treatment initiation, long-term efficacy, and salvage therapy for treatment-experienced patients.