High molecular weight DNA fragmentation: a critical event in nucleoside analogue-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells

Cleavage of DNA into internucleosomal fragments is one of the characteristics of apoptosis. However, searches for in vivo evidence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in leukemia cells freshly obtained from patients during chemotherapy frequently failed to reveal nucleosomal multimers (DNA ladders). It is not clear whether this type of DNA cleavage is an essential event in drug-induced apoptosis and thus a denominator of cell killing, or whether the internucleosomal DNA fragments are merely the by-products of the apoptotic process. Here, we report our investigation into the role of DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cell death induced by anticancer nucleoside analogues, both in cell culture and in leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy. Using a 5'-end DNA-labeling technique and pulsed field gel electrophoresis, we detected fragmentation of DNA in two distinct size classes, internucleosomal and high molecular weight (predominantly 50 kb) DNA fragments, in a human leukemia cell line exposed to the nucleoside analogues fludarabine and gemcitabine. We further demonstrated that the two types of DNA fragmentation were separate events, distinguishable by their requirements for Ca2+ and responses to phorbol ester treatment. The drug-treated cells underwent morphological changes of apoptosis even after internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was selectively inhibited by intracellular Ca2+ chelation, or by treatment with phorbol ester. In contrast, neither apoptotic morphology nor internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was observed when the high molecular weight DNA fragmentation was blocked by inhibition of nucleoside analogue incorporation into DNA. These results suggest that cleavage of DNA into large fragments may be an initial event that is critical for drug-induced apoptosis, whereas activation of a Ca2+-dependent endonuclease to cleave DNA at internucleosomal sites is not an absolute requirement for the execution of the apoptotic cell death program. Further studies of leukemic lymphocytes obtained from 9 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia during therapy with fludarabine revealed high molecular weight DNA fragmentation, which was correlated with a decrease of peripheral lymphocytes in 6 patients, whereas only 1 of the 15 patients evaluated for nucleosomal DNA fragments showed the DNA ladders. These results indicate that high molecular weight DNA fragmentation occurs in vivo, and may be correlated with the cytotoxic action of the anticancer drugs. Further study of the association of high molecular weight DNA fragmentation with clinical response to chemotherapy is warranted.