Gender specific differences in left ventricular adaptation to obesity and hypertension

Recent reports indicate that the prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are more profound in women than in men. The prognosis of LVH is also related to the underlying geometric pattern. We therefore assessed the relation of separate and concurrent influences of obesity and hypertension on gender-specific patterns of LV adaptation. Five hundred and twenty participants of a community-based study (aged 52 to 67 years) were examined by M-mode echocardiography. Study subjects were divided into four groups: normals, obese, hypertensives, and subjects presenting with both obesity and hypertension. The groups were compared for various measures of left ventricular mass (LVM) and geometry. Relative to normal subjects, the increments in wall thickness, ventricle diameters, and LVM were all significant and of similar magnitude for obese men and women. Likewise, hypertensive men and women showed similar relative increments of LVM and wall thickness but no changes in end-diastolic internal diameters. Accordingly, obesity was predominantly associated with eccentric hypertrophy (men +/- 14%, women +17%, P<0.05 vs normals) and hypertension with concentric hypertrophy (men +16%, women +30%, P<0.01 vs normals). Women with concurrent obesity and hypertension presented with a further increase of LVM and wall thickness above values in the merely obese or hypertensive (P<0.001) and they displayed LVH more frequently than only obese or hypertensive women (P<0.05). We conclude that the hearts of postmenopausal women respond more susceptibly to the concurrence of hypertension and obesity. In particular the prognostically less favourable concentric LVH is a common finding. Our study may help to explain the higher risk associated with LVH in women.