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Iron supplementation in athletes. Current recommendations

P Nielsen1, D Nachtigall

  • 1Abteilung Medizinische Biochemie, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. nielsen@uke.uni-hamburg.de

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|November 20, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Endurance athletes face iron deficiency due to exercise-induced losses. Controlled iron supplementation, especially for those with low ferritin, can prevent deficiency and limit absorption of toxic metals.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Nutritional Science
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Debate exists regarding iron deficiency in endurance athletes.
  • Endurance athletes may experience iron deficiency due to an imbalance between iron absorption and exercise-induced losses.
  • Menstruating female athletes, similar to the general population, are a key risk group for iron deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Critically review the literature on iron supplementation in sports.
  • Discuss the impact of iron deficiency on athletic performance.
  • Provide diagnostic and treatment recommendations for iron deficiency in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on iron status and supplementation in athletes.
  • Analysis of nutritional status across different athletic disciplines.

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  • Evaluation of treatment protocols for iron deficiency in athletes.
  • Main Results:

    • Male athletes generally meet iron intake recommendations, unlike female athletes.
    • Iron supplementation benefits are established for athletes with iron deficiency anemia.
    • Most studies show no significant performance improvement in non-anemic athletes with depleted iron stores (prelatent deficiency) without optimized treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal iron deficiency treatment requires adequate dosage, administration, and duration (e.g., >3 months, 100 mg ferrous iron/day).
    • Controlled iron supplementation is recommended for athletes with low serum ferritin levels.
    • Supplementation can prevent iron deficiency and reduce absorption of toxic metals like lead and cadmium.