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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
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Small ventricular septal defects in adults

U Neumayer1, S Stone, J Somerville

  • 1Jane Somerville Grown-Up Congenital Heart Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, U.K.

European Heart Journal
|November 20, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Many adults with small ventricular septal defects experience serious complications, including infective endocarditis and aortic regurgitation. While some defects close spontaneously, adult VSDs are not always benign, necessitating careful monitoring.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Small ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are congenital heart conditions.
  • The long-term prognosis of unoperated small VSDs in adults is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of complications in adults with small, unoperated ventricular septal defects.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 188 adults (aged 17-72) with small VSDs was studied.
  • Patients were referred to a national cardiac center and specialized adult congenital heart unit.
  • Data included medical history, cardiovascular examinations, and diagnostic imaging.

Main Results:

  • 26.6% had coexisting cardiovascular lesions (e.g., bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation).

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  • Complications included infective endocarditis (11.2%), severe aortic regurgitation (4.8%), and arrhythmias (6.4%).
  • Spontaneous VSD closure occurred in 10% of patients during adulthood.

    • Conclusions:

    • 47% of adult patients remained complication-free.
    • 25% experienced significant complications, with infective endocarditis and progressive aortic regurgitation being notable.
    • The natural history of small VSDs in adulthood suggests potential for serious complications, indicating that they are not always benign.