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Acanthamoebiasis in Korea: two new cases with clinical cases review
1Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. kiim@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
Insights
Acanthamoeba infections are rare but severe in immunocompromised individuals, leading to fatal pneumonia in an infant and meningoencephalitis in a child. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for these opportunistic infections.
Area of Science:
- Medical Mycology
- Infectious Diseases
- Immunology
Background:
- Acanthamoeba infections are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe disease, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.
- This study reports two rare cases of Acanthamoeba infection in pediatric patients in Korea.
Observation:
- A 7-month-old infant with immunodeficiency presented with Acanthamoeba pneumonia, diagnosed via bronchial washing culture, and expired despite treatment.
- A 7-year-old immunosuppressed boy developed Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis following a skin lesion, with neurological complications leading to death.
Findings:
- Diagnosis in the infant was confirmed by culture, while the boy's infection was identified through skin biopsy showing Acanthamoeba trophozoites.
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the boy was negative for common pathogens, highlighting the diagnostic challenges of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis.
Implications:
- These cases underscore the potential for severe Acanthamoeba infections in immunocompromised children.
- Increased awareness and diagnostic vigilance are necessary for timely recognition and management of Acanthamoeba infections.
Abstract:
The first case was 7-month-old immunodeficiency girl in whom the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba pneumonia was established by culture of a bronchial washing. The patient had been ill for a month when she was admitted due to neonatal thrombocytopenia with respiratory difficulty and treated with gammaglobulin and steroid. Her chest X-ray showed diffuse alveolar consolidation on the left lung with interstitial hazziness and a partial sign of hyperinflation on the right lung. Laboratory tests showed that the Candida antigen was negative and Pneumocystis carinii was not detected. Mycoplasma antigen was negative. All the immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM) were below the normal range. Five days later the patient expired. The second case was an immunosuppressed 7-year-old boy in whom Acanthamoeba trophozoites were found in the skin biopsy, followed by meningitis leading to death. About five days after a laceration on the region of the left eyebrow, a painful bean-sized nodule developed at the suture site and it was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid. The skin biopsy showed severe inflammatory cell infiltration. Trophozoites were scattered near the blood vessels throughout the inflammatory zone. From one weak prior to admission, the patient had suffered from vomiting, indigestion and mild fever. Skin nodules with tenderness appeared all over his body surface. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid showed clear, Gram stain was negative, bacterial culture negative, India ink preparation negative, and organism on wet smear negative. On admission day 10, focal seizure of the left extremity occurred. Brain CT revealed calcific density on the left parietal lobe area and hypodensity on the left basal ganglia. He became comatous and died immediately after discharge. Until now in Korea, two cases that are described in this paper, one Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis case and seven Acanthamoeba keratitis cases including two unreported keratitis cases that are reported in this paper have been presented.