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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.0K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.8K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.5K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces
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Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces

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Intestinal permeability and inflammation in patients on NSAIDs

G Sigthorsson1, J Tibble, J Hayllar

  • 1Department of Medicine, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.

Gut
|November 21, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can increase intestinal permeability and cause inflammation. Aspirin and nabumetone appear to be exceptions, sparing the small bowel from these adverse effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on small intestinal permeability and inflammation requires further clarification.
  • Long-term NSAID use is common, necessitating an understanding of its gastrointestinal side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of long-term NSAID use on small intestinal permeability and inflammation in a large patient cohort.
  • To compare the gastrointestinal safety profiles of various NSAIDs.

Main Methods:

  • Absorption-permeability tests using different osmolarities were performed on 68 patients on NSAIDs.
  • Indium-111 white cell faecal excretion studies assessed intestinal inflammation in 286 patients on 12 different NSAIDs.
  • Analysis included malabsorption of specific sugars and correlation with patient demographics and NSAID dosage.

Main Results:

  • Hypo- and hyperosmolar tests revealed more pronounced intestinal permeability changes compared to iso-osmolar tests.
  • Sequential studies indicated developing inflammation in patients after 3 and 6 months of NSAID treatment.
  • Most NSAIDs caused similar prevalence and severity of intestinal inflammation, with aspirin and nabumetone showing no evidence of inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • The osmolarity of intestinal permeability tests significantly influences the assessment of NSAID effects.
  • Conventional NSAIDs, excluding aspirin and nabumetone, are associated with small intestinal inflammation.
  • Aspirin and nabumetone may be safer alternatives for patients requiring long-term NSAID therapy due to their lack of small bowel inflammation.