Tributyrin induces growth inhibitory and differentiating effects on HT-29 colon cancer cells in vitro

Tributyrin (TB) is a prodrug of butyrate known to induce tumor cells to differentiate. We examined its effects on cell growth, viability, cellular morphology and differentiation of HT-29 colon cancer cells in vitro, as reflected by the expression of CEA, E-cadherin and the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity. TB, applied in a stable emulsion, inhibited tumor cell proliferation in a reversible and dose-dependent manner (0.5-4 mM) with significant morphological changes. The IC50 value of TB was 1 mM after 6 days. For comparison, sodium butyrate, applied in equimolar concentration, inhibited cell growth with an IC50 value of 2.2 mM. TB treatment at concentrations of 0.5 mM and 2 mM resulted in an increase of the doubling times by 18% and 160%, respectively, without any effects on cell viability. By a colorimetric immunoassay, 1.5 mM TB induced the expression of both CEA and E-cadherin by about 260% and 100%, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of the brush border enzyme alkaline phosphatase was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner, up to 60-fold at the maximum of 2 mM TB. Our results show that TB is more active than butyrate in suppressing cell growth and concomitantly promoting differentiation of HT-29 colon cancer cells. Hence it may be a promising candidate for clinical therapeutic protocols and merits further investigation.