Inputs to directionally selective simple cells in macaque striate cortex

It is clear that the initial analysis of visual motion takes place in the striate cortex, where directionally selective cells are found that respond to local motion in one direction but not in the opposite direction. Widely accepted motion models postulate as inputs to directional units two or more cells whose spatio-temporal receptive fields (RFs) are approximately 90 degrees out of phase (quadrature) in space and in time. Simple cells in macaque striate cortex differ in their spatial phases, but evidence is lacking for the varying time delays required for two inputs to be in temporal quadrature. We examined the space-time RF structure of cells in macaque striate cortex and found two subpopulations of (nondirectional) simple cells, some that show strongly biphasic temporal responses, and others that are weakly biphasic if at all. The temporal impulse responses of these two classes of cells are very close to 90 degrees apart, with the strongly biphasic cells having a shorter latency than the weakly biphasic cells. A principal component analysis of the spatio-temporal RFs of directionally selective simple cells shows that their RFs could be produced by a linear combination of two components; these two components correspond closely in their respective latencies and biphasic characters to those of strongly biphasic and weakly biphasic nondirectional simple cells, respectively. This finding suggests that the motion system might acquire the requisite temporal quadrature by combining inputs from these two classes of nondirectional cells (or from their respective lateral geniculate inputs, which appear to be from magno and parvo lateral geniculate cells, respectively).