Management of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after gynecological surgery

We experienced 23 cases of venous thrombosis after gynecological surgery for the past 12 years at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, representing 0.345 % of all patients. Eighteen of the 23 cases had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) including five cases followed by pulmonary embolism (PE), and five cases had PE without any symptoms of DVT. The main risk factors for thrombosis in these 23 patients were (1) obesity, DM, hyperlipidemia; (2) huge abdominal tumor, severe adhesion; and (3) hemoconcentration, post-treatment of severe anemia. The onset of PE varied from 1 to 3 postoperative days, when the patients started to walk. Five cases had dyspnea, chest pain, and decreased PaO2 levels without leg pain, while five cases showed only calf pain and tenderness with decreased PaO2 levels. PE was confirmed by immediate diagnostic images such as RI venography with ventilation and perfusion lung scan, pulmonary arterial CT, or pulmonary arteriography. Two patients died and eight patients recovered. The best way of managing venous thrombosis might be as follows: (1) identify the risk factors of thrombosis before surgery; (2) perform prophylactic leg exercises in bed and/or active anticoagulant therapy depending on the degree of risk factors; (3) rapid diagnosis with the images; and (4) proper treatment.