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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.
Anterograde...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

[Memory and dementia]

B Laurent1, C Thomas-Anterion, R F Allegri

  • 1Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Bellevue, Saint-Etienne, France.

Revue Neurologique
|December 3, 1998
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ageing memory loss differs from Alzheimer's disease. Understanding memory changes helps differentiate dementias for earlier diagnosis and targeted therapy.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Published on: July 8, 2015

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Context:

  • Age-related memory decline presents distinct patterns compared to Alzheimer's disease.
  • Differentiating these conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies.
  • Existing research details cognitive memory modifications across Alzheimer's progression stages.

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the distinct memory impairment profiles in normal aging versus Alzheimer's disease.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing specific memory deficits for differential diagnosis.
  • To inform clinicians on utilizing memory testing for early Alzheimer's detection.

Summary:

  • Alzheimer's disease impacts working and episodic memory early, followed by semantic and retrograde memory.
  • Implicit memory remains largely preserved throughout Alzheimer's progression.
  • Distinct amnesic profiles in other dementias necessitate qualitative testing for early-stage categorization.

Impact:

  • Enables earlier diagnosis of 'possible Alzheimer's' in pre-dementia stages, even with isolated memory complaints.
  • Facilitates differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative dementias.
  • Guides clinicians in selecting appropriate symptomatic therapies by understanding specific cognitive targets.