Ventral neural tube cells differentiate into craniofacial skeletal muscles

Craniofacial skeletal muscle cells are believed to develop from mesoderm. A population of ventral neural tube cells has recently been shown to migrate out of the hindbrain and populate the craniofacial mesenchyme in chick embryos. Since skeletal muscle cells develop from this mesenchyme, we sought to determine if the emigrated neural tube cells contributed to their development. Ventral neural tube cells in the hindbrain of chick embryos were labeled on embryonic day 2 with replication-deficient retroviral vectors containing the gene LacZ, which provides a permanent marker for the progeny. On day 7 embryos were processed for the detection of labeled cells. Labeled cells were seen in craniofacial skeletal muscles. By using muscle-specific markers, the labeled cells were confirmed to be skeletal muscle cells. Thus, some muscle cells are derived from the ventral neural tube cells of the hindbrain.