[Recent advance of prognostic factor in human colorectal cancer]

It has become clear that cancers develop and progress through the accumulation of various genetic alterations. Among various human malignancies, none is better understood at the molecular genetic level than colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest malignant tumors and has a relatively poor prognosis. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of colorectal cancer have stimulated attempts to evaluate the prognostic significance of specific genetic alterations in this tumor. Although conventional pathological staging has served as the standard measure of prognosis in colorectal cancer, certain molecular genetic markers are now considered to be useful for predicting the behavior of cancer and the clinical outcome of patients. We have described the recent advances in prognostic factors of colorectal cancer, such as oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, chromosomal deletions, adhesion molecules, proteinases, DNA replication error, and others. The latest improvements in detecting these molecular markers have made it possible to apply them to the clinical setting with relative ease. Some of these markers are considered to be susceptible to, or modifiable by, direct therapeutic intervention. For instance, matrix metalloproteinases could be targets for therapeutic intervention using their inhibitors. We hope that these molecular genetic markers with prognostic significance play an important role in disease management of patients with colorectal cancer in future.