Tests of toxicity and teratogenicity in biphasic vertebrates treated with heavy metals (Cr3+, Al3+, Cd2+)

Developmental toxicity of chromium(III), aluminium(III) and cadmium(II) were evaluated by examining abnormalities and mortality in embryos belonging to different species of amphibians. Cr(III) and Al(III) are lethal at 1.5 mM concentration, and seriously affect the differentiation of central nervous system, skeleton and eye, and cause cephalic and trunk oedemas at lower concentrations, being aluminium significantly more harmful than chromium. Cd(II), tested only in P. waltl, is highly toxic: embryos exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 50 microM display malformations, delay and arrest of development in a dose dependent manner.