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Snake venoms and the hemostatic system

F S Markland1

  • 1Cancer Research Laboratory #106, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|December 5, 1998
PubMed
Summary
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Snake venoms contain diverse proteins affecting hemostasis, including anticoagulants and platelet modifiers. Disintegrins, a key group, show therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Snake venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active proteins and peptides.
  • Many venom constituents interact with the human hemostatic system, influencing blood coagulation, endothelial cells, and platelets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review snake venom components that affect blood coagulation, endothelial cells, and platelets.
  • To categorize hemostatically active venom components based on their specific actions.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on highly purified and well-characterized snake venom proteins.
  • Categorization of venom components based on their hemostatic effects (e.g., fibrinogen clotting, degradation, plasminogen activation, anticoagulation, platelet aggregation induction/inhibition).

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Main Results:

  • Hemostatically active components are widespread in pit viper, viper, and elapid venoms.
  • Venom components exhibit diverse actions including fibrinogenolysis, anticoagulation, hemorrhagic activity, and modulation of platelet aggregation.
  • Disintegrins, characterized by the Arg-Gly-Asp motif, antagonize the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • Snake venoms offer a rich source of molecules with significant hemostatic effects.
  • Certain venom enzymes are clinically used as anticoagulants, and others are under investigation for therapeutic applications.
  • Disintegrins show considerable clinical potential for treating thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases due to their anti-platelet activity.