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Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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Perception

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Neural correlates of boundary perception

A G Leventhal¹, Y Wang, M T Schmolesky

¹Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA.

Visual Neuroscience

|December 5, 1998

Summary

Researchers discovered cue-invariant (CI) cells in the visual cortex that detect boundaries regardless of visual cues. These cells, found in V2, show early visual processing capabilities for boundary detection.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

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Published on: June 3, 2013

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Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography

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Published on: July 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Neurons in the visual cortex process complex visual information.
Understanding how the brain detects object boundaries is crucial for visual perception.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the properties of neurons in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex.
To identify neurons that respond to visual boundaries irrespective of the cues defining them.

Main Methods:

Recorded neuronal responses in rhesus monkeys and cats.
Presented computer-generated visual stimuli varying in pattern, texture, luminance, and contrast.
Identified cue-invariant (CI) cells in areas V1 and V2.

Main Results:

A class of cue-invariant (CI) cells was found in extrastriate cortical areas V2.
CI cells were rare in V1 but prevalent in V2, signaling boundaries regardless of cue type.
These cells responded more strongly to salient boundaries and showed selectivity for orientation and direction across different cues.

Conclusions:

The ability to detect boundaries in a cue-invariant manner originates in early stages of cortical processing.
Cue-invariant cells possess computational power to generalize across stimuli and integrate multiple cues for boundary signaling.