Radiology of skeletal tuberculosis

Area of Science:

• Medical Imaging
• Infectious Diseases
• Orthopedics

Background:

• Global increase in tuberculosis (TB) incidence, particularly in developing nations, Europe, and North America.
• Well-established link between TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, often leading to extrapulmonary manifestations.
• Skeletal tuberculosis (TB), especially spinal TB, is a significant concern, with atypical presentations noted in immigrant populations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the characteristic imaging features of musculoskeletal tuberculosis (TB).
• To elucidate the crucial role of various imaging modalities in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal TB.
• To highlight the increasing value of cross-sectional imaging techniques in early and accurate TB detection.

Main Methods:

• Review of plain radiography findings in musculoskeletal TB.
• Evaluation of cross-sectional imaging modalities including computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Analysis of imaging features specific to musculoskeletal TB, including atypical presentations.

Main Results:

• Plain radiography remains a primary diagnostic tool for musculoskeletal TB.
• Cross-sectional imaging (CT, US, MRI) offers significant advantages for early and accurate diagnosis.
• Imaging findings can vary, particularly in immigrant populations, necessitating a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Conclusions:

• Musculoskeletal TB requires a thorough understanding of its diverse imaging manifestations.
• Advanced imaging techniques are indispensable for timely diagnosis and effective management of TB affecting bones and joints.
• Radiologists and clinicians must be aware of the spectrum of musculoskeletal TB on imaging to ensure optimal patient care.