Inactivation of Clostridium botulinum toxin by ruminal microbes from cattle and sheep

Toxin from Clostridium botulinum type C was rapidly inactivated during incubation in vitro with ruminal contents from either a cow or a sheep. Fractions of ruminal contents from which cells had been removed by high-speed centrifugation did not inactivate toxin. Inactivation was associated with fractions containing bacteria, whereas fractions containing protozoa and relatively few bacteria were much less active. This activity may help explain the relatively greater tolerance by ruminants to oral doses of botulinum toxin than to toxin administered by other routes. The results are also pertinent to assays for botulinum toxin from gastrointestinal samples obtained postmortem.