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Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes

R A Anderson1

  • 1Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.

Journal of the American College of Nutrition
|December 16, 1998
PubMed
Summary

Chromium supplementation, particularly chromium picolinate, improves blood glucose and insulin levels in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Adequate chromium intake is essential for managing glucose intolerance and diabetes effectively.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Recent research highlights chromium's role in glucose metabolism, impacting glucose intolerance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM), and gestational diabetes.
  • Supplemental chromium has shown promise in alleviating diabetes and neuropathy in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of supplemental chromium, specifically chromium picolinate, in improving glycemic control and related metabolic parameters.
  • To determine the dose-dependent effects and optimal dosage of chromium supplementation for different degrees of glucose intolerance and diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical studies, including those conducted in China and the United States, investigated the effects of varying chromium picolinate doses on blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1C.

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  • Follow-up studies assessed long-term efficacy (>1 year) and determined chromium requirements based on glucose intolerance severity and gestational diabetes status.

    • Main Results:

    • Supplemental chromium, as chromium picolinate, demonstrated a dose-dependent improvement in blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1C in individuals with Type 2 DM.
    • 200 microg/day of chromium was sufficient for mild glucose intolerance, while more severe cases and Type 2 DM often required higher doses.
    • Higher chromium intake (8 microg/kg body weight) was more effective than lower intake (4 microg/kg) in women with gestational diabetes.

    Conclusions:

    • Supplemental chromium has demonstrated significant beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and related markers across a spectrum of glucose intolerance, from mild impairment to Type 2 DM.
    • The mechanism of action involves enhancing insulin sensitivity through increased insulin binding, receptor number, and phosphorylation.
    • Chromium supplementation appears to be a safe and effective strategy for managing glucose intolerance and diabetes, with no documented adverse side effects.