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Related Experiment Videos

Reinforcement without awareness: II. Word class

D A Lieberman1, G L Connell, H F Moos

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK. d.a.lieberman@stir.ac.uk

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology
|December 17, 1998
PubMed
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This study explored unconscious learning, finding that participants learned to select words with double letters without realizing it. Learning was hindered by uncomfortable conditions or encouraging irrelevant hypothesis testing.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Previous research demonstrated reinforcement without awareness.
  • The current study builds on prior work by investigating factors influencing this phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To further explore reinforcement without awareness.
  • To identify factors that influence unconscious learning.

Main Methods:

  • An ESP cover story was used to disguise the true nature of the experiment.
  • Participants were reinforced for selecting words containing double letters.
  • Three experiments were conducted to test the effects of different conditions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for reinforcement without awareness was found across three experiments.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Learning did not occur when participants were encouraged to test irrelevant hypotheses.
  • Learning was also impaired when participants sat in an uncomfortable chair.

    • Conclusions:

    • Unconscious learning is influenced by environmental and cognitive factors.
    • Relaxation may facilitate learning without awareness.
    • Hypothesis testing and discomfort can inhibit unconscious learning.