Ruggedness testing of chromatographic methods: selection of factors and levels

The first step in a ruggedness test is the selection of factors to be examined and their levels. In this paper, both topics are discussed, thereby completing a strategy described earlier. It is demonstrated, by means of some examples, that depending on the formulation (definition) of a factor, information that is physically more or less meaningful is extracted from the experimental design results. Among others, the inclusion of the compounds of a buffer and of the components of a mixture in a screening design were examined. A general guideline to select the levels of the factors in a ruggedness test was proposed. Some special cases, i.e. asymmetric intervals around the nominal level, were also discussed.