Comparison of three different automatic defibrillator implantation approaches: pectoral implantation using conscious...

Recent technological advances in implantable defibrillator systems (ICD) have changed implantation approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of these improvements on procedure times, implant-related charges, patient recovery, and morbidity. Ninety-six consecutive patients undergoing implantation of a nonthoracotomy ICD were studied. Implantation was performed under general anesthesia with the generator placed abdominally in 22 patients (group I) and pectorally in 40 patients (group II). Thirty-four patients underwent pectoral implantation using conscious sedation (group III). Groups were comparable with respect to clinical variables. Implantation duration and total procedure duration were shorter in group III (67 +/- 21 minutes and 117 +/- 30 minutes) when compared with group I (100 +/- 25 minutes and 157 +/- 39 minutes) and group II (86 +/- 24 minutes and 153 +/- 34 minutes, P < 0.05). Patients in group III did not require admission to the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit. In contrast, patients in groups I and II spent 92 +/- 28 minutes and 91 +/- 31 minutes in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit. Implantation-related charges were reduced in patients having pectoral implantation using conscious sedation ($1451 +/- 217 vs. $2354 +/- 550 and $2796 +/- 384, P < 0.05). Patients in group III had a lower frequency of postoperative oral analgesic use (3.2 +/- 2.7 doses, P < 0.05) and a shortened post-operative length of stay (1.9 +/- 1.6 days, P < 0.05) when compared with groups I (5.7 +/- 4.0 doses and 3.3 +/- 1.4 days) and II (5.2 +/- 3.5 doses and 2.6 +/- 1.1 days). The overall complication rate was low (6.3%), with no differences between groups. Advances in ICD technology have simplified implantation, leading to shorter, less painful, and less expensive procedures.