Cytokine-mediated or direct effects of thymulin on the nervous system as assessed by pain-related behavior

Thymulin is a thymic hormone with known immunomodulatory activities. Recent evidence has indicated a signaling role for this peptide in the interaction between the immune, endocrine and the nervous system. In this report, we review recent experimental findings on the analgesic actions of thymulin (high doses) in rats with endotoxin-induced localized inflammation and the hyperalgesic actions (low doses) of this peptide in intact animals. These actions involve both proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2. The possibility of a dual role played by thymulin as a hormone that might also involve a direct effect on the nervous system is discussed.