Is the male involved in the aetiology of ectopic pregnancy?

We have previously observed a low incidence of ectopic pregnancies in couples having gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) with donated spermatozoa. Based on findings in both animal and human models, we proposed the hypothesis that sperm defects may be associated with the expression of paternal genes which cause abnormal early embryo development and predispose the embryos to interact inappropriately with the genital tract epithelium, and so increase the risk of an ectopic implantation. To both confirm and extend the initial observation, GIFT and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies entered on the Australian and New Zealand national database between 1979 and 1993 were analysed with regard to the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. There was an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy for IVF relative to GIFT and when spermatozoa from the male partner were used rather than donor spermatozoa. However, when couples were categorized with respect to the aetiology of their infertility, we were unable to show a significant association between ectopic pregnancy and whether spermatozoa from the male partner or a donor were used. We have therefore been unable to confirm a direct association between the source of spermatozoa and ectopic pregnancy.