Therapeutic uterine-cervix cancer vaccines in humans

Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types is involved in early stages of uterine=cervix cancer development. The virally encoded E6 and E7 oncoproteins behave as tumor-specific antigens and represent targets for a vaccine designed to control HPV-induced tumors. Using either proteins or peptides based on E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 and 18, phase I clinical trials of therapeutic vaccines against HPV-associated cervical cancers have recently been reported. Although the effectiveness of these vaccines cannot be evaluated in such small studies, they constitute an important step toward the development of therapeutic uterine=cervix cancer vaccines. A polytope DNA vaccination approach combined with immunomodulatory cytokines may offer an excellent strategy to reduce the risk of relapse and metastasis following conventional therapies.