Serial analysis of gene expression to assess the endothelial cell response to an atherogenic stimulus

Activation of human, arterial endothelial cells (ECs) is an early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. To identify the repertoire of genes that are differentially expressed after activation, we used serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to compare the mRNA spectrum of quiescent ECs with that of ECs activated for 6h with a strong atherogenic stimulus. SAGE methodology generates concatenated 'tags' of 10bp that are derived from a specific mRNA. About 5% of over 12000 tags analyzed is derived from genes that are differentially expressed (at least 5-fold up- or downregulated). These transcript tags are derived from only 56 genes, close to 1% of the total number of analyzed genes. Among these 56 differentially expressed genes are 42 known genes, including the hallmark endothelial cell activation markers interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), Gro-alpha, Gro-beta and E-selectin. Differential transcription of a selection of the upregulated genes was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. A novel observation is the upregulation of activin betaA mRNA, a member of the transforming growth factor beta family. Apparent discrepancies between this novel technology and conventional methods are discussed. In conclusion, we demonstrate that for the application of SAGE, a moderate number of analyzed transcript tags suffices to reveal the significant alterations of EC transcription that results from a strong atherogenic stimulus.