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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Published on: February 7, 2017

Accelerated atrioventricular conduction in Fabry's disease: a case report

J W Rowe, D G Caralis

|July 1, 1978

Summary

Fabry's disease can lead to accelerated atrioventricular conduction, a heart rhythm disorder. This may be due to abnormal His bundle potentials caused by glycolipid deposition in affected individuals.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Fabry's disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum universale) is a rare genetic disorder.
It results from lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A deficiency, leading to glycolipid accumulation.
Cardiac involvement, including conduction abnormalities, is a known complication.

Observation:

Three unrelated male patients with Fabry's disease and accelerated atrioventricular conduction were studied.
One patient exhibited a prolonged deflection on His bundle electrogram during tachycardia episodes.
Progressive PR interval shortening was observed in two patients over 10-13 years.

Findings:

Accelerated atrioventricular conduction is a potential complication of Fabry's disease.
Abnormal His bundle potentials, possibly due to glycolipid deposition, may underlie these conduction issues.

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Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

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Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol

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The observed PR interval changes suggest a progressive cardiac involvement.

Implications:

Early recognition of cardiac conduction abnormalities is crucial in managing Fabry's disease.
This finding highlights the importance of cardiac monitoring in patients with Fabry's disease.
Understanding the mechanism of conduction defects can inform therapeutic strategies for Fabry's disease.