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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Referred itch (Mitempfindungen)

P R Evans

    British Medical Journal
    |October 9, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Scratching one spot can cause an itch elsewhere on the same side of the body. This referred itch phenomenon is common but its underlying mechanism remains unknown.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Dermatology

    Background:

    • A common phenomenon involves scratching an irritation causing an itch in a different location.
    • This referred itch sensation is localized, transient, and recurs with repeated scratching.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the characteristics of the scratch-induced referred itch phenomenon.
    • To explore potential mechanisms underlying referred itch.

    Main Methods:

    • Observational study describing patient-reported experiences with referred itch.
    • Analysis of the laterality and stimulus-response patterns of referred itch.

    Main Results:

    • Approximately 20-25% of individuals experience referred itch.
    • Referred itch is ipsilateral (same side of the body) and does not reciprocally affect the original site.
    • Scratching specific areas like the face, palms, or soles does not induce referred itch.
    • The location of referred itch can vary between individuals even with the same stimulation site.

    Conclusions:

    • The scratch-induced referred itch is a distinct sensory phenomenon with specific characteristics.
    • The exact neurological mechanism is currently unknown, but a thalamic origin is hypothesized.