The effect of phosphate on the relaxation of frog skeletal muscle

The effect of phosphate on the relaxation of isometrically contracting single skinned fibres from the semitendinosus muscle of the frog Rana temporaria has been investigated using laser pulse photolysis of the photolabile caged calcium-chelator diazo-2 to rapidly reduce the Ca2+ (<2 ms) within the fibre and produce >90% relaxation of force. Relaxation occurred in two phases - an initial linear shoulder which lasted approximately 20 ms followed by a double-exponential phase which gave two rate constants, k1 (43.4+/-1. 8 s-1, mean +/-SEM, n=14) and k2 (15.6+/-0.3 s-1, mean +/-SEM, n=14) at 12 degreesC. Increased phosphate concentrations did not affect the linear phase, but slowed the double-exponential phase following photolysis of diazo-2 in a dose-dependent fashion (k50= 0.9 mM for k1, 1.15 mM for k2). Reducing the concentration of contaminating phosphate (from 640 microM to 100 microM) led to an increase in the rate of the double-exponential phase (k1=67.1+/-4.4 s-1, k2=19.7+/-0. 6 s-1, mean +/-SEM, n=12). Time-resolved measurements of sarcomere length during relaxation, both in control fibres and in the presence of a raised phosphate concentration, reveal a <2% change throughout the whole relaxation transient, and less than 0.1% at the end of the linear phase. This finding implies that gross changes in sarcomere length do not contribute to the decay of the relaxation transient seen upon diazo-2 photolysis. Our results suggest that cross-bridges in states prior to phosphate release are already committed to force generation and must relax by releasing phosphate, rather than by a reversal of the force-generating step to a weakly bound, low-force phosphate-bound state. These findings also indicate that an increase in the phosphate concentration within muscle fibres plays an important part in the slowing of relaxation observed in skeletal muscle fatigue and that the relaxation transients observed upon diazo-2 photolysis represent a disengagement of the cross-bridges.