Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly

Due to age-associated bone losses, all elderly are prone to osteoporosis, which often leads to fractures. Fractures frequently result in dependency and institutionalization, as well as physical deformities that may lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Currently, no drugs exist to promote new bone formation. Thus care of the elderly focuses primarily on lifestyle modification and increased dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D; decreased intake of caffeine, phosphates, and alcohol; smoking cessation; increased exercise; and drugs. Drugs for preventing osteoporosis include supplemental calcium and vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy, and alendronate. Drugs that enhance bone loss or increase the likelihood of falls should be eliminated, if possible, or the dosages adjusted. Making residences safer will also help to minimize the potential for falls. Drugs for treating osteoporosis include hormone replacement therapy, alendronate, and nasal calcitonin. The prevention and treatment plan is individualized for each patient, taking into account personal preferences, risk factors for osteoporosis and fracture, concomitant diseases and drug therapies, efficacy and tolerance of osteoporosis therapy, quality of life, life expectancy, finances, and health insurance coverage.