Ab initio conformational study of the phenylisoserine side chain of paclitaxel

Paclitaxel (Taxol) and related compounds are important antitumor drugs, currently used for the treatment of several types of cancer. The flexible amino acidic C13 side chain is a key element of the taxoid pharmacophore, and the identification of the bioactive conformation is a top priority for a better understanding of the mode of action of these anticancer agents. The conformational features of the side chain have been investigated by Hartree-Fock ab initio and semiempirical PM3 calculations. To gain a better understanding of solvent effects, different molecular models of paclitaxel were used in the calculations. The gas-phase calculations confirm that only one conformation, named ch1 (very similar to the one found in the crystal structure of docetaxel), is present in apolar environments. The preference for this conformer has been rationalized in terms of its L shape, which minimizes steric and Coulombic interactions, and of a favorable arrangement of the glycolate moiety. When a polar solvent was simulated by different methods, a greater conformational variability was found, with different conformations differing by less than 1.5 kcal/mol. Among these conformations, only one (ch5', similar to molecule B of the crystal structure of paclitaxel) is particularly apt to interact with solvent molecules. In light of these data, it seems reasonable to assume that, when the drug is bound to the lipophilic pocket of the tubuline receptor, the C13 amino acidic side chain assumes a conformation close to ch1.