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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Management of adrenal cysts

L M Neri1, F C Nance

  • 1Department of Surgery, The Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, USA.

The American Surgeon
|February 2, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal cyst excision may not always be necessary. Most adrenal cysts are benign, and aspiration can be a safe alternative management strategy, especially for non-functioning cysts, reducing surgical intervention.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Adrenal cysts traditionally undergo excision for malignancy assessment.
  • Current management strategies require re-evaluation based on updated data.

Observation:

  • Malignancy or potential malignancy is found in only 7% of adrenal cysts.
  • Aspiration has been used for 19 non-functioning, benign adrenal cysts with no reported malignancy.

Findings:

  • Reaccumulation after aspiration occurred in 32% of cases.
  • Only one malignancy was reported in a non-functioning cyst initially presumed benign, where imaging and aspiration were not performed.

Implications:

  • For non-functioning adrenal cysts with low suspicion of malignancy, consider CT scan and aspiration.

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Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection
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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma
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Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection
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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection

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  • Aspiration alone may be appropriate for simple adrenal cysts, with observation or re-aspiration for recurrence.