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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

2.5K
The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’...
2.5K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.9K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.9K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.2K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.2K
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

3.9K
In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

2.7K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
2.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.3K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.3K

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Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins
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The nuclear matrix prepared by amine modification

K M Wan1, J A Nickerson, G Krockmalnic

  • 1Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 3, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to isolate the nuclear matrix by chemically modifying chromatin, enabling its removal at physiological ionic strength. This technique preserves the nuclear matrix's native structure for better cellular architecture studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The cell nucleus is organized by the nuclear matrix, a nonchromatin structure.
  • Removing chromatin to study the nuclear matrix is technically challenging.
  • Existing methods often involve harsh conditions like high salt concentrations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a gentler method for isolating the nuclear matrix.
  • To test the hypothesis that chromatin is retained by charge interactions.
  • To compare nuclear matrix preparations obtained by different chromatin removal techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclease digestion of chromatin followed by chemical modification of amino groups.
  • Isolation of the nuclear matrix at physiological ionic strength.
  • Comparison of ultrastructure and composition with traditional high-salt and crosslinking methods.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin was effectively removed at physiological ionic strength using the new protocol.
  • All three tested methods revealed similar internal nuclear matrix structures.
  • A consistent network of branched filaments (approx. 10 nm diameter) was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical modification offers an effective and gentler approach to isolate the nuclear matrix.
  • The observed filament network likely represents a fundamental architectural element of the native nuclear matrix.
  • Findings increase confidence in studying the nuclear matrix's structure in living cells.