The research-policy continuum. Comparing allo- and xenotransplantation

Where are we on the continuum leading from research to policy decisions in allo- and xenotransplantation? In the case of allotransplantation all the activities needed in achieving an effective research policy transfer are ongoing. Research is vibrant and several technology assessment reports have been produced and translated into decisions at the policy, institutional, and practice levels, and quality monitoring activities are an integral part of transplant programs. The field of xenotransplantation is young and so the major emphasis in xenotransplantation will remain knowledge production for the coming years. Exploring the intricacies of the physiology of xenotransplantation, the associated risks of infection, and the complexity of the immunological response will remain research priorities. The social and ethical debate, necessary to the formulation of sound health policy, will intensify and be focused on whether to allow human experimentation and under what conditions.